Prevalence Of Eimeria Spp. Infection In Broiler Farming (Gallus Domesticus)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37899/mjdh.v2i3.188Keywords:
Biosecurity, Broiler Chickens, Coccidiosis, Eimeria spp, Epidemiology, Poultry HealthAbstract
Coccidiosis remains one of the most economically significant parasitic diseases affecting broiler production worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection and identify the morphological characteristics of oocysts detected in broiler chickens raised in Kalibaru District, Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 75 fecal samples collected from five commercial broiler farms. Samples were examined using the flotation technique followed by microscopic identification based on oocyst morphology and morphometric measurements. The results revealed that all examined samples were positive for Eimeria spp, resulting in a prevalence rate of 100%. Both sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts were observed, indicating active parasite transmission within the farming environment. Morphological observations suggested the presence of multiple Eimeria species, including E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. praecox, and E. mitis. These findings contribute to regional disease surveillance and support the development of evidence-based biosecurity and coccidiosis control strategies.
References
Abadula, T. A., Jilo, S. A., Hussein, J. A., & Abadura, S. Z. (2022). Poultry production status, major constraints, and future prospective. Journal of World’s Poultry Science, 1(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.58803/jwps.v1i1.4
Acheampong, S. (2024). Future of broiler farming: trends, challenges, and opportunities. Modern Technology and Traditional Husbandry of Broiler Farming, 113. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006556
Adhikari, G. P. (2021). Calculating the sample size in quantitative studies. Scholars' Journal, 14-29. https://doi.org/10.3126/scholars.v4i1.42458
Ahmad, R., Yu, Y. H., Hua, K. F., Chen, W. J., Zaborski, D., Dybus, A., ... & Cheng, Y. H. (2023). Management and control of coccidiosis in poultry—A review. Animal bioscience, 37(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0189
Ahmed Osman, A., Farid Saber, N., & Abdulrahman Mubarak Al, A. (2025). Challenges of ensuring sustainable poultry meat production and economic resilience under climate change for achieving sustainable food security. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i1.1441
Araújo, D., Silva, A. R., Fernandes, R., Serra, P., Barros, M. M., Campos, A. M., ... & Castro, J. (2024). Emerging approaches for mitigating biofilm-formation-associated infections in farm, wild, and companion animals. Pathogens, 13(4), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040320
Arranz-Solís, D., Warschkau, D., Fabian, B. T., Seeber, F., & Saeij, J. P. (2023). Late embryogenesis abundant proteins contribute to the resistance of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts against environmental stresses. Mbio, 14(2), e02868-22.
Attia, Y. A., Rahman, M. T., Hossain, M. J., Basiouni, S., Khafaga, A. F., Shehata, A. A., & Hafez, H. M. (2022). Poultry production and sustainability in developing countries under the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons learned. Animals, 12(5), 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050644
Bergeri, I., Whelan, M. G., Ware, H., Subissi, L., Nardone, A., Lewis, H. C., ... & Unity Studies Collaborator Group. (2022). Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies. PLoS medicine, 19(11), e1004107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004107
Blake, D. P., & Tomley, F. M. (2014). Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in parasitology, 30(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003
Blake, D. P., Knox, J., Dehaeck, B., Huntington, B., Rathinam, T., Ravipati, V., ... & Tomley, F. M. (2020). Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens. Veterinary research, 51, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-020-00837-2
Cevallos-Gordon, A., Molina, C. A., Radman, N., Ron, L., & Gamboa, M. I. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Eimeria spp. in Broiler Chickens from Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Pathogens, 13(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010048
Chaiban, C., Robinson, T. P., Fèvre, E. M., Ogola, J., Akoko, J., Gilbert, M., & Vanwambeke, S. O. (2020). Early intensification of backyard poultry systems in the tropics: a case study. animal, 14(11), 2387-2396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173112000110X
Chapman, H. D., Barta, J. R., Blake, D., Gruber, A., Jenkins, M., Smith, N. C., ... & Tomley, F. M. (2013). A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. Advances in parasitology, 83, 93-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1
Coppola, F., Fratianni, F., Bianco, V., Wang, Z., Pellegrini, M., Coppola, R., & Nazzaro, F. (2025). New methodologies as opportunities in the study of bacterial biofilms, including food-related applications. Microorganisms, 13(5), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051062
Crescent, M. (2025). Pathological assessment, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of high-mortality coccidiosis in broiler breeders from Oyo State, Nigeria: A field case report. Animal Research International, 22(3), 6625-6634.
Diao, N. C., Zhao, B., Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, Z. Y., Yang, Y., ... & Du, R. (2022). Prevalence of Eimeria spp. among goats in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 806085. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.806085
Disfani, R. A., Shadfar, F., Mohammadi, M. R., Shamsi, L., Asghari, A., Badri, M., ... & Maleki, F. (2025). Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Prevalence, Species Distribution and Risk Factors of Eimeria spp. in Iranian Livestock. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(4), e70450. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70450
Ekawasti, F., & Martindah, E. (2019). Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine. WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 29(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.2048
Erdaw, M. M., & Beyene, W. T. (2022). Trends, prospects and the socio-economic contribution of poultry production in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 78(3), 835-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.2092437
Fadilah, R., Darmawan, A., & Nadia, R. (2025). Challenges and constraints to the sustainability of poultry farming in Indonesia. Animal Bioscience, 38(4), 802. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.24.0678
Gazzonis, A. L., Zanzani, S. A., Aloisio, G., Migliorati, E., Villa, L., & Manfredi, M. T. (2022). Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in intensive dairy cattle breeding: Update on the epidemiology and associated risk factors in northern Italy. Parasitology International, 91, 102641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102641
Gentile, N., Carrasquer, F., Marco-Fuertes, A., & Marin, C. (2024). Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems. Poultry Science, 103(2), 103284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284
Ipara, B. O., Otieno, D. J., Nyikal, R. A., & Makokha, N. S. (2024). Farmers’ awareness and perceptions on Newcastle disease in chicken: Evidence from high and low rainfall regions of Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2292869. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2292869
Iqbal, S., Tanveer, S., & Maqbool, N. (2022). Avian coccidiosis-a critical review. Mun Ent Zool, 17, 1155-75. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02868-22
Jilo, S. A., Abadula, T. A., Abadura, S. Z., Gobana, R. H., Hasan, L. A., & Nair, S. P. (2022). Review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, control and prevention of gastrointestinal parasite of poultry. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husb, 7(5), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.22271/veterinary.2022.v7.i5a.439
Kassaw, S., Abdela, S., & Berihun, A. M. (2025). Investigation of Eimeria Species in Chicken: Coprological Prevalence, Gross Pathological Lesion and Pathoanatomical Species Identification in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica, 70(2), 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-025-01000-7
Latif, N., Marcus, A., Thlama, P. B., Mustafa, S., Hanafiah, M. H. M. A., Abit, L. Y., ... & Kamaludeen, J. (2025). Improving The Sporulation of Eimeria tenella Oocysts Purified From Chicken Faeces. Malaysian Applied Biology, 54(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v54i1.3060
Liao, S., Lin, X., Zhou, Q., Wang, Z., Yan, Z., Wang, D., ... & Sun, M. (2024). Epidemiological investigation of coccidiosis and associated risk factors in broiler chickens immunized with live anticoccidial vaccines in China. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1375026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1375026
Liu, M., Li, S., Huang, S., Zhang, L., & Jian, F. (2024). Epidemiological characteristics and prevention and control strategies for Eimeria spp. in sheep and goats in China: a systematic review. Animal Diseases, 4(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44149-024-00151-w
López-López, P., Sarmiento-Franco, L. A., & Santos-Ricalde, R. (2022). Effect of stocking density on performance, infection by Eimeria spp., intestinal lesions and foot pad injuries in broilers with outdoor access under tropical conditions. British poultry science, 63(2), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2021.1966749
Mares, M. M., Al-Quraishy, S., Abdel-Gaber, R., & Murshed, M. (2023). Morphological and molecular characterization of Eimeria spp. infecting domestic poultry Gallus gallus in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms, 11(3), 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030795
Martins, R. R., Silva, L. J., Pereira, A. M., Esteves, A., Duarte, S. C., & Pena, A. (2022). Coccidiostats and poultry: A comprehensive review and current legislation. Foods, 11(18), 2738. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182738
Mathis, G. F., Lumpkins, B., Cervantes, H. M., Fitz-Coy, S. H., Jenkins, M. C., Jones, M. K., ... & Dalloul, R. A. (2025). Coccidiosis in poultry: Disease mechanisms, control strategies, and future directions. Poultry Science, 104(5), 104663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104663
Muñoz-Gómez, V., Shaw, A. P., Abdykerimov, K., Abo-Shehada, M., Bulbuli, F., Charypkhan, D., ... & Torgerson, P. R. (2025). Economic impact of chicken diseases and other causes of morbidity or mortality in backyard farms in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Veterinary Research, 21(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04549-7
Pavić, D., Grbin, D., Gregov, M., Ćurko, J., Vladušić, T., Šver, L., ... & Bielen, A. (2022). Variations in the Sporulation Efficiency of Pathogenic Freshwater Oomycetes in Relation to the Physico-Chemical Properties of Natural Waters. Microorganisms, 10(3), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030520
Rahmani, A., Ahmed Laloui, H., Kara, R., Dems, M. A., Cherb, N., Klikha, A., & Blake, D. P. (2024). The financial cost of coccidiosis in Algerian chicken production: A major challenge for the poultry sector. Avian Pathology, 53(5), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2024.2336091
Reid, S. M., Byrne, A. M., Lean, F. Z., Ross, C. S., Pascu, A., Hepple, R., ... & Banyard, A. C. (2024). A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird–poultry interface. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 13(1), 2348521. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521
Savitz, D. A., & Wellenius, G. A. (2023). Can cross-sectional studies contribute to causal inference? It depends. American journal of epidemiology, 192(4), 514-516. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwac037
Shaji, S., Selvaraj, R. K., & Shanmugasundaram, R. (2023). Salmonella infection in poultry: a review on the pathogen and control strategies. Microorganisms, 11(11), 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112814
Tirfie, A. M., & Lulie, M. W. (2024). Economic Impacts of Coccidiosis on Productivity and Survivability of Chicken in Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 12, 256. https://doi.org/10.35248/2375-446X.23.12.256
Tomazic, M. L., Britez, J. D., Pisón-Martínez, M. L., Barbano, P., Canet, Z., Trangoni, M. D., ... & Rodríguez, A. E. (2025). Chicken coccidiosis in peri-urban family farming in two South American countries: prevalence and circulating eimeria spp. Animals, 15(7), 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070982
Wondimu, A., Mesfin, E., & Bayu, Y. (2019). Prevalence of poultry coccidiosis and associated risk factors in intensive farming system of Gondar Town, Ethiopia. Veterinary medicine international, 2019(1), 5748690. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5748690
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Magenta Journal De Healthymedi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This journal provides direct open access to it's content on the principle that research is freely available to the public supporting a greater global exchange of knowledge. All articles published by Open Access will soon and forever be free for everyone to read and download. The license options defined for this journal are Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
