Digital Health Interventions to Support Self-Management in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37899/mjdh.v2i2.287Keywords:
Diabetes Self-Management, Digital Health Interventions, Glycemic Control, Medication Adherence, Mobile HealthAbstract
This study examines the influence of digital health interventions on self-management among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Makassar, Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed involving 150 adult patients who actively used digital health technologies for diabetes management. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires measuring digital intervention usage, medication adherence, self-efficacy, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and independent samples t-tests. The findings revealed that digital health intervention usage significantly improved medication adherence, enhanced self-efficacy, and reduced HbA1c levels. Digital engagement was identified as the strongest predictor of glycemic control. The study’s novelty lies in its integrated examination of clinical, behavioral, and psychological outcomes within the Indonesian healthcare context. These findings highlight the strategic role of digital healthcare technologies in supporting patient-centered chronic disease management and improving healthcare accessibility. The study provides important implications for healthcare institutions and policymakers in developing sustainable digital health systems for diabetes care.
References
Ahmed, M. M., Okesanya, O. J., Olaleke, N. O., Adigun, O. A., Adebayo, U. O., Oso, T. A., ... & Lucero-Prisno III, D. E. (2025, May). Integrating digital health innovations to achieve universal health coverage: promoting health outcomes and quality through global public health equity. In Healthcare (Vol. 13, No. 9, p. 1060). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091060
Alhuseen, O. A., Ismail, N. A., Hasan, L., & Embarak, F. (2023). A comprehensive review of modern methods to improve diabetes self-care management systems. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, (9). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2023.0140920
Alotaibi, N., Wilson, C. B., & Traynor, M. (2025). Enhancing digital readiness and capability in healthcare: a systematic review of interventions, barriers, and facilitators. BMC health services research, 25(1), 500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-12663-3
Alruwaili, M. M., Shaban, M., & Elsayed Ramadan, O. M. (2023). Digital health interventions for promoting healthy aging: a systematic review of adoption patterns, efficacy, and user experience. Sustainability, 15(23), 16503. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316503
Arini, M., Sugiyo, D., & Permana, I. (2022). Challenges, opportunities, and potential roles of the private primary care providers in tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus collaborative care and control: a qualitative study. BMC health services research, 22(1), 215. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07612-3
Chao, D. P. (2023). Health-promoting lifestyle and its predictors among health-related and non-health-related university students in Taiwan: a cross-sectional quantitative study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 827. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15760-2
Chen, S. M., & Wu, C. J. (2023). Investigating the effects of digital foot self-management program on enhancing self-efficacy and self-care behavior among community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Digital Health, 9, 20552076231220791. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231220791
Chong, C. J., Bakry, M. M., Hatah, E., Mohd Tahir, N. A., & Mustafa, N. (2025). Effects of mobile apps intervention on medication adherence and type 2 diabetes mellitus control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 31(2), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633x231174933
Dar, M. A., Maqbool, M., Ara, I., & Qadrie, Z. (2023). Preserving sight: Managing and preventing diabetic retinopathy. Open Health, 4(1), 20230019. https://doi.org/10.1515/ohe-2023-0019
Dolatabadi, S., Bohlouli, B., & Amin, M. (2022). Associations between perceived self‐efficacy and oral health behaviours in adolescents. International journal of dental hygiene, 20(4), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12610
Dong, D. (2025). Self-determination theory perspectives on the influence of digital learning engagement on motivation in extracurricular learning activities: Considering the mediating role of digital self-efficacy. Learning and Motivation, 90, 102135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102135
Febriyanti, R. M., Irawan, A. A., Anggriani, N., Andriyana, Y., & Abdulah, R. (2025). Challenges in implementing Indonesia's community-based chronic disease management program (Prolanis): A scoping review. AIMS Public Health, 12(3), 890. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2025045
Figueiredo, T., Alcântara, L., Carrilho, J., Paúl, C., & Costa, E. (2025). Understanding adherence to digital health technologies: systematic review of predictive factors. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e77362. https://doi.org/10.2196/77362
Firoozi, A. A., & Firoozi, A. A. (2025). Navigating the Complex Landscape of Healthcare Innovation: Strategies for Overcoming Design and Implementation Challenges. In Transformative Design in Healthcare: Infection Control and Patient Well-being through Architectural Innovation (pp. 379-439). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08019-6_9
Hall, A. M., Allgar, V., Carroll, C. B., & Meinert, E. (2025). Digital health technologies and self-efficacy in Parkinson’s: a scoping review. BMJ open, 15(1), e088616. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15760-2
Hall, E., Davis, K., Ohrnberger, J., Pickles, M., Gregson, S., Thomas, R., ... & Hauck, K. (2024). Associations between HIV stigma and health-related quality-of-life among people living with HIV: cross-sectional analysis of data from HPTN 071 (PopART). Scientific reports, 14(1), 12835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63216-3
Hamidi, S., Gholamnezhad, Z., Kasraie, N., & Sahebkar, A. (2022). The effects of self‐efficacy and physical activity improving methods on the quality of life in patients with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2022(1), 2884933. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2884933
Janjua, S., Carter, D., Threapleton, C. J., Prigmore, S., & Disler, R. T. (2021). Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013196.pub2
Kosiol, J., Silvester, T., Cooper, H., Alford, S., & Fraser, L. (2024). Revolutionising health and social care: innovative solutions for a brighter tomorrow–a systematic review of the literature. BMC health services research, 24(1), 809. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11099-5
Kulkarni, A., Thool, A. R., & Daigavane, S. (2024). Understanding the clinical relationship between diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy: a comprehensive review. Cureus, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56674
Kurnia, A., Said, F., & Paduragan, S. L. (2025). Experience of burden in self-care of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study in indonesian context. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 16(4), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2025.v16i04.004
Li, Z., Lei, Y., Bui, Q., DePaul, O., Nicol, G. E., Mohr, D. C., ... & Wong, A. W. (2024). A digital intervention to promote self-management self-efficacy among community-dwelling individuals with stroke: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 11, e50863. https://doi.org/10.2196/50863
Liu, C., Messer, M., Linardon, J., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2025). Applying models of self-regulated learning to understand engagement with digital health interventions: a narrative review. Frontiers in Digital Health, 7, 1380088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1380088
Motaghi, S., Boogar, I. R., Moradi, S., & Asl, N. S. (2023). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management on health-related quality of life, diabetes management self-efficacy, and treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v15i1.12207
Newby, K., Teah, G., Cooke, R., Li, X., Brown, K., Salisbury-Finch, B., ... & Williams, S. L. (2021). Do automated digital health behaviour change interventions have a positive effect on self-efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health psychology review, 15(1), 140-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705873
Osunde, R. N., Olorunfemi, O., Edwards, O. S., Oduyemi, R. O., & Sodimu, J. O. (2025). Transforming Diabetes Management: Optimizing Blood Glucose Control through Lifestyle Strategies for Better Health Outcomes–Scoping Review. Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 4(1), 18-25.
Park, G., Lee, H., Lee, M. J., & Khang, A. (2025). Impact of Mobile App-Based Self-Monitoring Engagement on Self-Care Self-Efficacy, Health Behaviors, and Hemoglobin A1c Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 47(12), 1180-1192. https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459251374937
Patel, S. B., Iqbal, F. M., Lam, K., Acharya, A., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2025). Characterizing Behaviors that influence the implementation of digital-based interventions in health care: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 27, e56711. https://doi.org/10.2196/56711
Rahadian Syah, D. Z., Winahyu Sari, I. W., & Adinugraha, T. S. (2025). Delivering Integrated Diabetes Care: Nursing Management Experiences in a Primary Health Center Model in Indonesia. Philippine Journal of Nursing, 95(1).
Rubab, H., Aziz, F., Gul, R., & Froelicher, E. S. (2025). Effect of a structured educational intervention delivered through a mobile application on glycated haemoglobin and self-efficacy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 15(9), e093798. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093798
Sharma, V., Feldman, M., & Sharma, R. (2024). Telehealth technologies in diabetes self-management and education. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 18(1), 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968221093078
Sofyan, H., Diba, F., Susanti, S. S., Marthoenis, M., Ichsan, I., Sasmita, N. R., ... & Vollmer, S. (2023). The state of diabetes care and obstacles to better care in Aceh, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09288-9
Wang, Q., Su, M., Zhang, M., & Li, R. (2021). Integrating digital technologies and public health to fight Covid-19 pandemic: key technologies, applications, challenges and outlook of digital healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116053
Warner, L. M., & Schwarzer, R. (2024). Self-efficacy and health. In Handbook of concepts in health, health behavior and environmental health (pp. 1-26). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0821-5_15-1
Willis, V. C., Thomas Craig, K. J., Jabbarpour, Y., Scheufele, E. L., Arriaga, Y. E., Ajinkya, M., ... & Bazemore, A. (2022). Digital health interventions to enhance prevention in primary care: scoping review. JMIR medical informatics, 10(1), e33518. https://doi.org/10.2196/33518
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Magenta Journal De Healthymedi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This journal provides direct open access to it's content on the principle that research is freely available to the public supporting a greater global exchange of knowledge. All articles published by Open Access will soon and forever be free for everyone to read and download. The license options defined for this journal are Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
