The Therapeutic Strategies for Eliminating Biofilm Produced by Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Catheter by Exposing to Radiation Emitted from Radioactive Sources (In Vitro)

Nebras Rada  Mohammed; Noor Ali

doi:10.37899/mjdh.v1i2.45

Authors

Nebras Rada Mohammed Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences/ College Dentistry/ Baghdad, Iraq
Noor Ali Ibn sina University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37899/mjdh.v1i2.45

Keywords:

Radiotherapy, Rays, Bacteria And Biofilm

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Sr90 radiation in eliminating biofilm production and inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium responsible for infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, and bacteremia, whose virulence is enhanced by biofilm formation. A cross-sectional descriptive design combined with a case–control analytical approach was employed, with bacterial isolates obtained from catheters and other clinical samples of patients in Baghdad hospitals during 2023–2024. Biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates were exposed to varying doses of Sr90 radiation, with and without aluminum shielding, and their biofilm activity was assessed using Congo-Red Agar before and after exposure. Results demonstrated that all isolates (100%) exhibited biofilm production prior to treatment; however, after exposure to Sr90, biofilm production was completely inhibited (0%), as indicated by red colony coloration on Congo-Red Agar. Furthermore, Sr90 exposure produced 100% bactericidal activity across increasing doses and time intervals, whether aluminum shielding was applied or not. These findings provide evidence that Sr90 radiation effectively disrupts biofilm production and eradicates S. aureus, highlighting its potential as an innovative therapeutic strategy for managing biofilm-associated infections.

References

Chakravarty, R., & Dash, A. (2012). Availability of yttrium-90 from strontium-90: a nuclear medicine perspective. Cancer biotherapy and radiopharmaceuticals, 27(10), 621-641. https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2012.1285

Cheng, C. S., Jiang, T., Zhang, D. W., Wang, H. Y., Fang, T., & Li, C. C. (2023). Attachment characteristics and kinetics of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus on ready-to-eat cooked beef contact surfaces. Journal of Food Science, 88(6), 2595–2610. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16592

Cheung, G. Y., Bae, J. S., & Otto, M. (2021). Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence, 12(1), 547–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688

Ezzelle, J., Rodriguez-Chavez, I. R., Darden, J. M., Stirewalt, M., Kunwar, N., Hitchcock, R., ... & D'souza, M. P. (2008). Guidelines on good clinical laboratory practice: bridging operations between research and clinical research laboratories. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 46(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.010

Harris, L. G., Foster, S. J., & Richards, R. G. (2002). An introduction to Staphylococcus aureus and techniques for identifying and quantifying S. aureus adhesins in relation to biomaterials: Review. European Cells and Materials, 4, 39–60. https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v004a04

Iaconis, A., De Plano, L. M., Caccamo, A., Franco, D., & Conoci, S. (2024). Anti-Biofilm strategies: A focused review on innovative approaches. Microorganisms, 12(4), 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040639

Juszczuk-Kubiak, E. (2024). Molecular aspects of the functioning of pathogenic bacteria biofilm based on quorum sensing (QS) signal-response system and innovative non-antibiotic strategies for their elimination. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052655

Ma, R., Hu, X., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Sun, J., Su, Z., & Zhu, C. (2022). Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 1003033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003033

Mentz, R. J., Hernandez, A. F., Berdan, L. G., Rorick, T., O’Brien, E. C., Ibarra, J. C., ... & Peterson, E. D. (2016). Good clinical practice guidance and pragmatic clinical trials: balancing the best of both worlds. Circulation, 133(9), 872-880. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.019902

Merghni, A., Noumi, E., Hadded, O., Dridi, N., Panwar, H., & Ceylan, O. (2018). Assessment of the anti-biofilm and antiquorum sensing activities of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its main component 1,8-cineole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Microbial Pathogenesis, 118, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.016

Mu, D., Luan, Y. X., Wang, L., Gao, Z. Y., Yang, P. P., & Jing, S. S. (2020). The combination of salvianolic acid A with latamoxef completely protects mice against lethal pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1711817

Mu, D., Xiang, H., Dong, H. S., Wang, D. C., & Wang, T. D. (2018). Isovitexin, a potential candidate inhibitor of Sortase A of Staphylococcus aureus USA300. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 28(9), 1426–1432. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1802.02014

Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2017). Natural products as platforms to overcome antibiotic resistance. Chemical Reviews, 117(19), 12415–12474. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00283

Ogbeta, C. P., Mbata, A. O., Udemezue, K. E. N. N. E. T. H., & Katas, R. G. K. (2023). Advancements in pharmaceutical quality control and clinical research coordination: Bridging gaps in global healthcare standards. IRE Journals, 7(3), 678-81.

Qin, N., Tan, X. J., Jiao, Y. M., Liu, L., Zhao, W. S., & Yang, S. (2014). RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibition by ursolic acid and resveratrol. Scientific Reports, 4, 5467. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05467

Richesson, R. L., & Krischer, J. (2007). Data standards in clinical research: gaps, overlaps, challenges and future directions. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 14(6), 687-696. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.m2470

Sharifi, A., Mohammadzadeh, A., Zahraei Salehi, T., & Mahmoodi, P. (2018). Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing effects of Thymus daenensis and Satureja hortensis essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 124(2), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13639

Silva, L. N., Da Hora, G. C. A., Soares, T. A., Bojer, M. S., Ingmer, H., & Macedo, A. J. (2017). Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 2823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02712-1

Tan, W. S., Law, J. W. F., Law, L. N. S., Letchumanan, V., & Chan, K. G. (2020). Insights into quorum sensing (QS): QS-regulated biofilm and inhibitors. Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology, 3(1), a0000141. https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000141

Van Hal, S. J., Jensen, S. O., Vaska, V. L., Espedido, B. A., Paterson, D. L., & Gosbell, I. B. (2012). Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25(2), 362–386. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05022-11

Van Tuyle, G. J., Strub, T. L., O'Brien, H. A., Mason, C. F., & Gitomer, S. J. (2003). Reducing RDD concerns related to large radiological source applications. Los Alamos, NM, USA: Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Xu, Z., Huang, T., Du, M., Soteyome, T., Lan, H., Hong, W., ... & Kjellerup, B. V. (2022). Regulatory network controls microbial biofilm development, with Candida albicans as a representative: from adhesion to dispersal. Bioengineered, 13(1), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1996747

Zhao, X. C., Liu, Z. H., Liu, Z. J., Meng, R. Z., Shi, C., & Chen, X. R. (2018). Phenotype and RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in response to tea tree oil. Microbial Pathogenesis, 123, 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.027