The Role of Women’s Empowerment Programs in Reducing Gender-Based

Authors

  • Alifa wafiq Nurul Haq Fakultas ekonomi, STIE AMKOP Makassar

Keywords:

Women’s Empowerment , Gender-Based Violence Education , Economic Participation

Abstract

This paper critically analyzes how the women empowerment programs can help in reducing gender-based violence (GBV). It argues based on the insights of other disciplines that there is a transformational effect of empowerment efforts on social norms and the agency of women that is the result of education, economic participation, leadership training, and community involvement. Such programs equip women with the skills and resources to be resistant to violence and at the same time instigate a wider cultural and institutional change that challenges the patriarchal systems. The study also highlights the importance of circumstances of determinants, such as cultural acceptance, political will and integration of policies that significantly influence the effectiveness of programs. Although there are still numerous obstacles including scarce resources, set stereotypes, lack of sustainability, etc, empirical results indicate that the programs of empowerment continue to be one of the most promising ways to tackle GBV. Therefore, the article reflects the idea of multi-sectoral partnership, comprehensive program development, and long-term investment to achieve long-lasting changes in gender equality and violence elimination.

References

Al-Ahmadi, A., Heinemann, A., Mossman, L., & Rawlings, L. (2024). Accelerating Gender Equality Through Social Protection. World Bank.

Ali, S., & Khan, R. (2022). Community-based approaches to women’s empowerment and violence prevention in South Asia. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2022.2045678

Allan-Blitz, L. T., Olson, R., & Tran, Q. (2023). Assessment of microfinance interventions and intimate partner violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA network open, 6(1), e2253552-e2253552. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53552

Allen, E. M., Munala, L., & Ward-Rannow, J. (2024). Do gender-based violence interventions consider the impacts of climate change? A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(3), 2421-2435. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231214793

Cornwall, A., & Rivas, A. M. (2015). From “gender equality” and “women’s empowerment” to global justice: Reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 396–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341

Diop, N. J., & Askew, I. (2009). The effectiveness of a community‐based education program on abandoning female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal. Studies in family planning, 40(4), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2009.00213.x

Escalante, L. E., & Maisonnave, H. (2022). Gender and Covid‐19: Are women bearing the brunt? A case study for Bolivia. Journal of International Development, 34(4), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3603

Fleming, P. J., McCleary-Sills, J., Morton, M., Levtov, R., Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2015). Risk factors for men’s lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES) in eight countries. PloS one, 10(3), e0118639. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118639

Garcia-Moreno, C., & Amin, A. (2019). The sustainable development goals, violence, and women’s and children’s health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(9), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.234088

Gulesci, S., Puente–Beccar, M., & Ubfal, D. (2021). Can youth empowerment programs reduce violence against girls during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Journal of development economics, 153, 102716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102716

Gupta, J., Falb, K. L., Lehmann, H., Kpebo, D., Xuan, Z., Hossain, M., ... & Annan, J. (2013). Gender norms and economic empowerment intervention to reduce intimate partner violence against women in rural Côte d’Ivoire: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC international health and human rights, 13(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698x-13-46

Gutiérrez, D., Martin, G., & Ñopo, H. (2020). The Coronavirus and the challenges for women’s work in Latin America. UNDP Latin America and the Caribbean, 18, 142-166.

Hanson-DeFusco, J. (2024). Dissemination and Implementation Gaps in Policy Efforts to Prevention and Responses to Female Statutory Rape: A Case Study Analysis of the 2006–2018 Liberian Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Referral Pathway. Global Studies Quarterly, 4(2), ksae039. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksae039

Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125

Keith, T., Hyslop, F., & Richmond, R. (2023). A systematic review of interventions to reduce gender-based violence among women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1443-1464. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211068136

Klugman, J., Hanmer, L., Twigg, S., Hasan, T., McCleary-Sills, J., & Santamaria, J. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Koris, A., Steven, S., Akika, V., Puls, C., Okoro, C., Bitrus, D., ... & Stark, L. (2022). Opportunities and challenges in preventing violence against adolescent girls through gender transformative, whole-family support programming in Northeast Nigeria. Conflict and health, 16(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00458-w

LaFree, G., Dugan, L., & Korte, R. (2009). The impact of British counterterrorist strategies on political violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing deterrence and backlash models. Criminology, 47(1), 17-45. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00138.x

Lwamba, E., Shisler, S., Ridlehoover, W., Kupfer, M., Tshabalala, N., Nduku, P., ... & Snilstveit, B. (2022). Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Campbell systematic reviews, 18(1), e1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214

Maruo, M., Arango, D. J., Grossi, A. M. D. M., & Contreras-Urbina, M. (2023). Addressing Gender-Based Violence to Accelerate Gender Equality. Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series: Issues and Practice. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Morton, M., & Montgomery, P. (2011). Youth empowerment programs for improving self‐efficacy and self‐esteem of adolescents. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 1-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/CL2.71

O'Brien, J. E., & Macy, R. J. (2016). Culturally specific interventions for female survivors of gender-based violence. Aggression and violent behavior, 31, 48-60. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.avb.2016.07.005

Sarnquist, C. C., Ouma, L., Lang’at, N., Lubanga, C., Sinclair, J., Baiocchi, M. T., & Cornfield, D. N. (2021). The effect of combining business training, microfinance, and support group participation on economic status and intimate partner violence in an unplanned settlement of Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(7-8), 3903-3921. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518779067

Shell-Duncan, B., Njue, C., & Muteshi-Stratchan, J. (2017). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: sharing data and experiences to accelerate eradication and improve care: part 2. BMC Reproductive Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0361-y

Taylor, G., & Pereznieto, P. (2014). Review of evaluation approaches and methods used by interventions on women and girls’ economic empowerment. London: ODI.

UN Women. (2020). The shadow pandemic: Violence against women and girls and COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response

Vyas, S., & Watts, C. (2009). How does economic empowerment affect women's risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 21(5), 577-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1500

Wood, L., Schrag, R. V., Baumler, E., Hairston, D., Guillot-Wright, S., Torres, E., & Temple, J. R. (2022). On the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic: Occupational experiences of the intimate partner violence and sexual assault workforce. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(11-12), NP9345-NP9366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983304

World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. Geneva: WHO

Yount, K. M., Cheong, Y. F., Khan, Z., Miedema, S. S., & Naved, R. T. (2021). Women's participation in microfinance: effects on women's agency, exposure to partner violence, and mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 270, 113686. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113686

Downloads

Published

2025-10-08